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Capital formation is a concept used in macroeconomics, national accounts and financial economics. Occasionally it is also used in corporate accounts. It can be defined in three ways: *It is a specific statistical concept used in national accounts statistics, econometrics and macroeconomics. In that sense, it refers to a measure of the ''net additions'' to the (physical) capital stock of a country (or an economic sector) in an accounting interval, or, a measure of the amount by which the total physical capital stock ''increased'' during an accounting period. To arrive at this measure, standard valuation principles are used.〔Lequiller, F.; Blades, D.: Understanding National Accounts, Paris: OECD 2006, pp. 133–137. United Nations: (''The System of National Accounts 2008 - SNA 2008'' ), New York, 2009, Chapter 10: The capital account〕 *It is used also in economic theory, as a modern general term for capital accumulation, referring to the total "stock of capital" that has been formed, or to the growth of this total capital stock.〔Yanovsky, M.: ''Anatomy of Social Accounting Systems'', London; Chapman & Hall, 1965.〕 *In a much broader or vaguer sense, the term "capital formation" has in more recent times been used in financial economics to refer to savings drives, setting up financial institutions, fiscal measures, public borrowing, development of capital markets, privatization of financial institutions, development of secondary markets. In this usage, it refers to any method for increasing the amount of capital owned or under one's control, or any method in utilising or mobilizing capital resources for investment purposes. Thus, capital could be "formed" in the sense of "being brought together for investment purposes" in many different ways. This broadened meaning is not related to the statistical measurement concept nor to the classical understanding of the concept in economic theory. Instead, it originated in credit-based economic growth during the 1990s and 2000s, which was accompanied by the rapid growth of the financial sector, and consequently the increased use of finance terminology in economic discussions. ==Use in national accounts statistics== In the national accounts (e.g., in the United Nations System of National Accounts and the European System of Accounts) (''gross capital formation'' ) is the total value of the gross fixed capital formation (GFCF), plus net changes in inventories, plus net acquisitions less disposals of valuables for a unit or sector.〔Ruggles, Richard; Ruggles, Nancy D.: ''National Income Accounts and Income Analysis''. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1956.〕 "Total capital formation" in national accounting equals net fixed capital investment, plus the increase in the value of inventories held, plus (net) lending to foreign countries, during an accounting period (a year or a quarter). Capital is said to be "formed" when savings are utilized for investment purposes, often investment in production. In the USA, statistical measures for capital formation were pioneered by Simon Kuznets in the 1930s and 1940s,〔Kuznets, Simon et al., ''National income and capital formation, 1919-1935''. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1937. Kuznets, Simon: ''Commodity flow and capital formation''. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1938. Kuznets, Simon: ''Gross capital formation, 1919-1933''. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1934. Kuznets, Simon: "Proportion of capital formation to national product". ''American Economic Review'', 1952. Kuznets, Simon: ''Capital in the American Economy'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961.〕 and from the 1950s onwards the standard accounting system devised under the auspices of the United Nations to measure capital flows was adopted officially by the governments of most countries. International bodies such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank have been influential in revising the system. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Capital formation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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